Ruhnama, book of the soul
The former president Niyazov edited the Ruhnama, book of the soul. This book sets out Niyazovs version of Turkmen history, culture and spirituality. The book was published in 2001, volume II in 2004. The Ruhnama, telling about traditional Turkmen values, is compulsory to read by all Turkmen citizens from young to old. Even in the huge Kipchak mosque (picture 3&4), opened by Niyazov in 2004, you will find texts from the Ruhnama in its interior. During our homestay in the desert village Kekirdek we had a traditional welcome ceremony. Two daughters of the family recited texts from the Ruhnama, holding the book in their hands (picture 1&2, see also the video).











